This updated and expanded new edition continues the theme of the first edition of providing the reader with extensive new research findings in the areas of resilience, cognitive science, neuroscience, dropout prevention and school engagement, coupled with new federal and state legislation. In addition, important trends in philosophical and theoretical models have emerged that call for a “reclaiming” of at-risk youth, reflecting the research, legislation and trends that impact the theory and practice of art therapy with diverse at-risk student populations. The book includes 19 tables, 16 illustrations (14 color plates), and is divided into seven chapters with fourteen therapeutic techniques that are written in a lesson plan format. The selected techniques provide art experiences to facilitate creative and therapeutic change for students and the fourteen color illustrations highlight students’ creative responses elicited from the application of the technique. Chapter 1 examines the developmental domains of adolescence and adolescents’ participation in health risk behaviors. Chapter 2 traces the evolution of the alternative schools movement from the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s to the present. Chapter 3 explores the catalysts for policymakers to embrace alternative education. Chapter 4 provides insights into the phenomenology, psychobiology, and the implications of emotion, and Chapter 5 focuses on the field of school art therapy. Chapter 6 examines the issue of risk and the issue of protection, with Chapter 7 offering a foundational framework for implementing an art therapy program for adolescents. Recommended procedures for art therapy are provided that address the following: promoting art therapy, assessment, establishing goals and objectives for treatment planning, art therapy program review, and annual reviews for students. Consequently, the application of therapeutic art experiences in a safe and supportive environment fosters resilience and enhances cognitive, emotional, and social growth. This book is designed for art therapy students, professional art therapists, educators, administrators, and practitioners in the allied professions of counseling, social work, and psychology.

Foreword by Doctor Judith A. Rubin
Preface
Introduction Chapter
1. ADOLESCENCE
Developmental Domains
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Moral Development
Personality Development
Psychosexual Development
Psychosocial Development
Identity Development
Racial Identity Development
Creative Development
Pseudo-Naturalistic Stage
Adolescent Art
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2007
References
2. ALTERNATIVE SCHOOLS
Historical Overview
Types of Alternative Schools
Students At Risk
Attitudes and Personality Characteristics of Students At Risk
U.S. District Survey of Alternative Schools and Programs, 2001
Summary Highlights of Key Findings
References
3. ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Dropout Prevention
Research Reports
Dropout Rates in the United States: 2005
Dropout Risk Factors and Exemplary Programs: A Technical Report, 2007
Progressive Alternative Learning Environments
School Without Walls, Rochester, NY
Monroe #1 Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES), Fairport, NY
Alternative Education Department
Alternative Learning Academy (ALA)
Special Education in Alternative Education Programs
Students With Disabilities
Federal Legislation
The Individuals with Disabilities Act Amendments of 1997, Public Law 105–17
The Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act of 2004, Public Law 108–446
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Public Law 93–112
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Public Law 107–110
Advocacy
National Dropout Prevention Center for Students with Disabilities (NDPC-SD)
America’s Promise Alliance: Alliance Priority–Dropout Prevention
VSA Arts
Search Institute
References
4. EMOTIONS AND LEARNING
Phenomenology of Emotion
Psychobiology of Emotion
The Nervous System
Neurons
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
The Endocrine System and Hormones
The Immune System
Brain Development
Magnetic-Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Hormonal Influences
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Learning and Memory
Implications of Emotion Research
References
5. ART THERAPY IN THE SCHOOLS
Definition of Art Therapy
Art Therapy and Public School Systems Creating Successful Partnerships
References
6.RESILIENCE
The Issues of Risk and the Issues of Protection
Alienation
Reclaiming
Resilience
References
7. ART THERAPY WITH STUDENTS AT RISK
Art Psychotherapy
Art in Therapy
Ethics in Art Therapy
Multicultural Competence in Art Therapy
Responsibility to Art Therapy Clients
Informed Consent
Informed Consent of Minors
Informed Consent Document/Disclosure Statement
Documentation and Record Keeping
Record Keeping from a Clinical Perspective
Record Keeping from a Legal Perspective
Safety
Confidentiality in Art Therapy
Duty to Protect and Duty to Warn
Duty to Protect and Duty to Warn in School Environments
Child Abuse and Neglect
Risk Management
Confidentiality and Permission for the Reproduction
and Use of Client Artwork
Recommended Procedures for Art Therapy
Promoting Art Therapy
Referral for Assessment
Assessment
Silver Drawing of Cognition and Emotion (SDT)
Draw-a-Story Assessment (DAS): Screening for Depression
House-Tree-Person Technique (H-T-P)
Kinetic Family Drawing (K-F-D
Magazine Photo Collage (MPC)
DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Assessment
Documenting Assessment Results
Summary
Establishing Goals and Objectives
Provision of Art Therapy Services
Art Therapy Program Review
Student Annual Review
Art Therapy Treatment Model
Theory: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Technique
Application
Art Therapy Techniques
Magazine Photo Collage
Initials
Bridge Drawing
Therapeutic Storytelling
Symbolic Banner
Mask Making
Volcano Drawing
Lifelines
Journal for Self-Inquiry
Group Mural
Poetry’s Image
Mandala
Self-Assessment: “The Garden of Self”
Cultural Genogram
References
Appendix A: Stage Theories of Adolescent Development
Appendix B: Regulations of the Commissioner of Education: PART 200,Students with Disabilities, Section 200.1, Definitions, (zz) Student with a Disability
Appendix C: Characteristics of Successful Alternative Education Programs
Index